'Girazi' rekare reChinese: Zana remakore rekuchera matongo Kunyorazve Kuziva, Pakutanga Dzinza raZhou raikwanisa kugadzira Girazi

Kana zvasvika pagirazi, zvinofungidzirwa kuti vanhu vazhinji vekuChina vazere nekuzvidemba, nekuti Egypt yekare, West Asia neEurope vaigona kunge vakagadzira girazi kwenguva yakareba, nepo China ichiita seyakagadzira mumadzimambo eMing neQing. Nekuda kwekushandiswa kwakasiyana-siyana kwegirazi, vamwe vanyori vengano dzekufamba kwenguva vanogara vachigadzira manomano ekuwana mari nekugadzira girazi munguva dzekare.

Zvisinei, hazvizivikanwe kuti ongororo yezvakacherwa mumatongo muzana remakore rapfuura yakaratidza kuti China yekare yaisangokwanisa kugadzira girazi chete, asiwo kare kare seZhou Dynasty. Pakati pavo, pane kunyange Girazi Rinoonekera zvigadzirwa zvakawanikwa mumakuva emhuri yeCao Cao neTembere yeFamen muShaanxi panguva yeDzinza raTang. Tevere, ngatitaurei nezvegirazi rekare rekuChina kuburikidza nezviitiko zvitatu zvekuchera matongo. Girazi rekare rinosanganisira girazi, asi haringorevi girazi chete.

Chekutanga, Dzinza raZhou raive ratokwanisa kugadzira girazi

Kubuda kwegirazi hakusi chinhu chisinganzwisisike, asi chimwe chinhu chinobva muzvinhu zvehari uye simbi, izvo zvinonatswa uye zvinogadziriswa kuita zvigadzirwa zvegirazi zvine chekuita nazvo. Pakati pazvo, simbi ichinhu chinobva mukugadzira simbi.

Nekuda kwekuti girazi harina chimiro chakafanana nechinhu chine chimiro chisina kugadzikana, rakasiyana nezvinhu zvekristaro zvakaita sematombo echisikigo nejade. Saka, zvinodiwa pakupisa kwechoto hazvina chokwadi, asi rine plasticity mukati meimwe tembiricha. Vamwe vanoshandisa internet vanotenda kuti Western inogona kugadzira girazi, saka vanogumisa kuti tembiricha yechoto inogona kunyungudutsa simbi yenguruve, izvo zvisiri izvo.

Kare munguva yeXia Dynasty, tembiricha yechoto muChina yakanga yatosvika 1200 degrees Celsius, uye porcelain yekare yaigona kupiswa. Panguva imwe chete, indasitiri yehari muChina yekare yakanga yakabudirira, uye indasitiri yebhuronzi muShang Dynasty yakanga yakabudirirawo. Saka, hazvishamisi kuti vanhu vekare vekuChina vakwanise kugadzira girazi, kunyangwe zvigadzirwa zvegirazi zvekutanga zvakawanikwa nhasi zvaive munguva yeZhou Dynasty. Mumufananidzo uri pamusoro, China ine tekinoroji yepamusoro yesimbi yeceramic, iyo ine chekuita nekugadzirwa kwechoto chepamusoro uye inogona kuwana tembiricha yakakwira uye yakafanana yekupisa choto.

Magirazi egirazi emusana anodarika zana egirazi resodium calcium silicate akafukunurwa kubva paguva raZeng Houyi muSuizhou, Hubei. Nokudaro, nyanzvi dzakawanda dzinofunga kuti ziso remusana raZeng Houyi rakabva kuWest Asia. Asi magirazi emusana aZeng Houyi asati asvika, China yaitova negirazi, semuenzaniso, girazi raive rakaiswa pafuremu yebakatwa raMambo Goujian weYue, iro riri regirazi resodium calcium silicate reChina yekare.

Mushure menguva yeHondo dzeNyika, China yakagadzira rudzi rwakasiyana rwegirazi rinonzi lead barium silicate glass, rinozivikanwa se "lead barium glass", iro rinozivikanwa pasi rose senzira yegirazi yakasiyana zvikuru muChina yekare. Mumakuva anopfuura 110 eChu muChangsha, Hunan, zvidimbu zvinopfuura 130 zvejade yakapendwa, zvinosanganisira cong, ring, bead, uye tube, zvakafukunurwa. Pakati pazvo, jade yakapendwa yakajeka uye yakagadzirwa negirazi re lead barium.

Saka, girazi harisi gwenyika yekuMadokero, uye Changsha ndeimwe yenzvimbo dzekutanga kugadzira girazi. Girazi re lead barium rarakagadzira rakasiyana zvikuru negirazi re sodium calcium kuMadokero. Pakati pazvo, chikonzero nei China isiri sodium calcium glass chine chekuita nekushaikwa kwezvinhu zvakasikwa zve sodium carbonate (natural soda ash) zvekushandisa zvinofambisa mvura, uye hazvina chekuita netekinoroji.

Kubva muna 1974 kusvika 1977, paCao Clan Cemetery muBozhou, Anhui Province, munenge muna 170 AD, magirazi mashanu ekutanga ekugadzira akatsetseka pasi rose akafukunurwa. Mamwe mativi acho aiva nengura yemhangura, zvichiratidza kuti magirazi aya angangodaro aiva mumafuremu emhangura.

Nezvemagirazi mashanu aya e optical, tsvakiridzo yakakodzera inoratidza kuti: chekutanga, ane kujeka kwakanyanya, ane mabhuru madiki mukati, uye kukwidziridza kwakanaka uye mhedzisiro yekutarisa, zvichiratidza kuti vanhu vekare vaive nehunyanzvi hwekugadzira hwepamusoro uye ruzivo rwakati rwe optical; Chechipiri, chinyorwa chekutsvagisa chakanyorwa naLi Can naMa Yanru chinoratidza kuti kuumbwa kwemakemikari kwakasiyana nekweWestern soda lime glass, uye tekinoroji yekupisa inobva patekinoroji yekare yeceramic, ichigumisa kuti inogadzirwa muChina.

Panguva imwe cheteyo, mushure meEastern Han Dynasty, kuumbwa kwegirazi reChinese kwakachinja zvakare. Girazi reLead Barium silicate rakanga risisiri kufarirwa, asi rumwe rudzi rwegirazi rakasiyana nereChina rwakamuka, iro rakava girazi reHigh Lead silicate, iro zvishoma nezvishoma rakava chinhu chikuru chekugadzira kumba. Girazi muChina.

Chechitatu, mukombe wegirazi weTembere yeFamen muDzinza raTang

Kujeka uye kupenya kwegirazi rine simbi ine mutobvu wakawanda kwavandudzika zvakanyanya, uye rinogonawo kupfurwa. Saka, mushure menguva yekuunganidzwa kwetekinoroji, rakava rakakurumbira panguva yemadzimambo eTang neSong, uye makapu egirazi eFamen Temple ndeimwe yadzo.

Muna 1987, paFamen Temple iri muFufeng, Baoji, Shaanxi, kapu yegirazi yetii netireyi yetii zvakafukunurwa kubva mukamuri rekumashure reimba yavo yepasi pevhu. Kapu yetii yaive yakajeka ine ruvara rwegirini, uye paive nemabhuru madiki akapararira pamadziro. Madziro ese emukati nekunze airatidzika kunge akatsetseka uye matsva.

Mumuzinda wepasi pevhu weFamen Temple, makawanikwa zvigadzirwa zvegirazi makumi maviri, izvo gumi nezvisere zvacho zvine maitiro ekuMadokero kweAsia, asi makapu etii nematireyi zvakasiyana zvachose neChina uye ndezvezvigadzirwa zvegirazi zvakagadzirwa neChina.

Chinyorwa chinoti "Ungasaziva kuti kwaivewo negirazi muChina yekare" chakataurwa neGlobal Network Finance and Science Popularization China chinoratidza kuti iyi igirazi re silicate rine lead yakawanda, asi girazi re silicate rine lead yakawanda rinokuvadza zvakanyanya kuzvinhu zvinonyunguduka. Gare gare, potassium oxide yakashandiswa kutsiva lead oxide kugadzira girazi re silicate rine lead potassium, uye "rudzi urwu rwegirazi rwakakurumbira kubva pakati kusvika pakupera kweTang Dynasty kusvika kuSong Dynasty.

Pakati pavo, Dzinza reSong raiva nemidziyo yakawanda yegirazi, yakaita semagirazi, mitsetse yemazambiringa egirazi, midziyo yakaita setripod, midziyo yakaita sezai, magirazi, uye magirazi.

Zvose izvi, pamberi peMambo weYuan, China yakanga isingangogone kugadzira mhando dzakasiyana dzezvigadzirwa zvegirazi chete, asiwo yakagadzira mhando dzakasiyana dzegirazi, idzo dzakanga dzisiri pasi peMadokero ose. Bhuku raWei rakatonyora kuti zvigadzirwa zvegirazi zvemumba panguva iyoyo zvaiva "nekupenya kwaive kwakanaka kupfuura zveMadokero". Kana tikazvitarisa kubva pamaonero etekinoroji nekushandiswa kwehunyanzvi, zviri pachena kuti China iri kupfuura Madokero. Mushure meMambo weYuan, indasitiri yekugadzira magirazi yeChina yakaramba ichikura, asi yakazopedzisira yave shure kweMadokero mushure meIndustrial Revolution.

Chekupedzisira, hazvishamisi kuti girazi rinogona kugadzirwa muChina yekare. Pamusoro pezvose, vanhu vazhinji vakambonzwa nezve "girazi rine ruvara". Girazi rudzi rwegirazi rine ruvara. Saka, kunyangwe pasina zvekuchera matongo, maitiro ekugadzira girazi rine ruvara akanyorwa mumabhuku ekare, tinogona kuziva kuti girazi rinogona kugadzirwa muChina yekare. Asi chinoshamisa ndechekuti nei vanhu vazhinji vachiyeuka kuti girazi harigone kugadzirwa muChina yekare, uye mushure mekusvika kwemamishinari ekuMadokero chete China yaigona? Mubvunzo uyu unotyisa zvikuru kufunga nezvawo.