Magirazi eNational Treasure Grade: Kuonga uye Tsananguro Yakadzama yeBoutique Yakacherwa

Magirazi ekare akacherwa muChina anoshandiswa sezvinhu zvekuviga mumabhokisi emakuva, pamwe chete nemidziyo yezvisaririra nezvipo muzvisaririra zvechiBuddha zvakaita semapagoda, matemberi, dzimba dzepasi pevhu, kana dzimba dzekudenga. Kubva pakatangwa chiBuddha, chave nekubatana kukuru negirazi kubva pakutanga, uye girazi rine chinzvimbo chakakosha muchiBuddha.

Mudziyo wegirazi wakafukunurwa kubva pabhii repagoda reNorthern Wei Buddhist muDingzhou, Hebei Province

Izwi rechiSanskrit rekuti "girazi" rinoreva dombo rebhuruu, iro rinoreva ruvara rwebhuruu rwakadzama rwedombo guru. Kufanana neruvara rwebhuruu redenga, rine hunhu hwakajeka hwekristaro, pamusoro nemukati zvinoonekera, uye mukati nekunze zvinopindirana. Buddha weMishonga ndiye Buddha weNyika yeMagirazi Akachena ekuMabvazuva. Buddhism inoshandisa kujeka kwechiedza chegirazi kutsanangura hunhu hwaBuddha nenzira yekufananidzira, saka Buddha weMishonga anozivikanwawo seBuddha weMishonga wekuMabvazuva weChiedza cheGirazi Chakachena.

Dzinza reTang rine girini rakareruka, tsoka refu Makapu egirazi yakafukunurwa kubva mumapango eSenmushem muKuche, Xinjiang

Sechitendero, kutendeukira kukutenda ndicho chinhu chakakosha zvikuru. Kuti vakwezve kutariswa kwevatendi uye vaparadzire Dharma, mamongi anowanzoedza kugadzira zvinhu zvitsva uye kuunza pfungwa itsva, tsika, zvivakwa, uye zvinhu zvekare. Kurarama negirazi, rufu rwakanyanya kuipa. Sheli pakutanga yaive shanduro yechiSanskrit yemapfupa emweya aBuddha kana zvasara. Sekureva kwe "Bhuku raWei: Shi Lao Zhi" reNorthern Qi Dynasty, mushure mekufa kwaBuddha, huni dzinonhuhwirira dzakapiswa uye mapfupa emweya akatyorwa kuita zvidimbu, rimwe nerimwe diki setsanga. Haana kukuvara paakarohwa, kana kupiswa, uye angangodaro aive nemhedzisiro yakajeka yeumwari. Anodanwa kuti "Sheli" zvisina musoro.

Zvingave zvisaririra zvemuviri chaiwo kana zvimwe zvinotsiva, zvinhu zvakakosha zvezvipo uye zvinhu zvitsvene, uye zvinhu izvi zvitsvene zvinofanira kuchengetwa mumidziyo inokosha zvikuru. Midziyo yezvisaririra mumapagoda ekare echiBuddha muIndia neCentral Asia yaigadzirwa nezvinhu zvakaita sehari, huni, simbi, dombo, uye kristaro. Zvisinei, muChina, midziyo yezvisaririra yakagadzirwa negirazi yakabuda. Zvikonzero zveizvi zviviri: chekutanga, munguva dzekare, girazi raive risingawanikwe uye richikosha kana tichienzanisa negoridhe; chechipiri, girazi raive rakajeka sekristaro uye raikwanisa kunyungudika, zvichiita kuti rinyatsokodzera kuchengetwa nekuratidzwa.

Mabhora egirazi akafukunurwa kubva pamavara ematombo epagoda echiBhudha cheNorthern Wei muDingzhou, Hebei Province

Parizvino, nzvimbo yekutanga yekuvakira shongwe muChina ndiyo Northern Wei Buddhist Pagoda Site iri muDingzhou, Hebei Province. Muvhu rakakomberedzwa renzvimbo iyi yekuvakira shongwe, mune hamvuropu yematombo akaenzana ine chifukidziro chepamusoro chegore rechishanu reTaihe (481 AD). Mukati mehamvuropu, mune zvinhu zvakakosha zvakachengetwa nemhuri yehumambo yeNorthern Wei, zvinosanganisira midziyo yegirazi nomwe nezvinhu zvegirazi zvakawanda zvekushongedza zvakaita semapaipi nemabhedhi.

Mabhodhoro egirazi egirini ehumambo hweSui akafukunurwa kubva panzvimbo yeshongwe yeTemberi yeQingchan muXi'an

Bhodhoro regirazi regirini rine mutsipa mutete nedumbu rakatenderera, rakareba 8.4 cm uye dhayamita 7 cm, rakafukunurwa kubva pasi peshongwe yeTemberi yeQingchan muXi'an, yakavakwa mugore rechipfumbamwe rekutonga kwaKaihuang kweSui Dynasty (589 AD). Dumbu racho rine zvishongo zvina zvakatenderera zvine dhayamita ye2.5 cm, uye fudzi rebhodhoro rine zvishongo zvina zvakatenderera zvine mativi matatu. Zvishongo izvi zvakatenderera nemativi matatu zvinogadzirwa nekukuya mushure mekunge chinhu chacho chagadzirwa, zviri zvetekinoroji yekugadzira girazi rinotonhora. Bhodhoro iri regirazi rinoshandiswa chaizvo kuchengetedza zvisaririra.

Nheyo yeshongwe yeTemberi yeDayun muJingchuan, Gansu yakavakwa mugore rekutanga raYanzai (694 AD). Bhokisi rematombo repasi pevhu raiva nebhokisi remhangura rakashongedzwa negoridhe, raiva nebhokisi resirivha. Bhokisi resirivha raiva nebhodhoro diki jena regirazi, raiva ne "zvisaririra" gumi nemana. Izvi zvinoenderana zvakakwana nezvakanyorwa mu "Kunyorwa paBhokisi reMatombo reRelic reTemberi yeDayun muJingzhou": "Ipapo imba yezvidhinha yakavhurwa uye bhokisi rematombo rakawanikwa. Kwaiva nezvisaririra gumi nemana mubhodhoro regirazi.

Muunganidzwa weGansu Museum weJingyuan Dayun Temple Pagoda uye Underground Palace Relics Glass Bottles

Zvinhu zvegirazi zvakawanikwa kubva muimba yepasi pevhu yeFamen Temple muFufeng

Sekureva kwengano dzechiBuddha, kuti Buddhism iparadzirwe zviri nani, Mambo Ashoka vakaunganidza zvisaririra 84000 kubva muunganidzwa waMambo Ashikaga mumabhodhoro egirazi 84000, zvivharo zvepfuma 84000, uye zvidimbu zvine mavara 84000. Akarayirawo midzimu nevamwari kuti vagadzire ma pagoda echiBuddha 84000 husiku hwese uye akaisa zvisaririra 84000 zvakasiyana. Panguva iyoyo, Famen Temple yaive nemazita matatu: temberi yemuzinda, tembere yenyika, uye tembere yakakurumbira. Yaive nzvimbo tsvene yechiBuddha yairemekedzwa nemhuri yehumambo yeTang. Kubva munguva yeTang Zhenguan, zviitiko zvinomwe zvakaitwa kugamuchira nekutumira mapfupa echiBuddha. Muna 1987, chisaririra chemunwe chaBuddha cheFamen Temple chakatorwazve, uye midziyo yegirazi 17 yakafukunurwa, iyo yose inofungidzirwa kuti midziyo yakachengetwa nemhuri yehumambo.

Mabhodhoro egirazi akafukunurwa kubva kuLiao Dynasty White Pagoda muJixian, Tianjin

Munguva yehumambo hweSong neLiao, vanhu vepamusoro-soro vemuno nemamongi akakurumbira vakaedza zvikuru kutenderedza midziyo yegirazi inokosha kuita mapagoda nematemberi ekunamata kuti vawane mukurumbira. Bhodhoro regirazi reyero rakachenuruka rakachenuruka kubva mubhii redombo reTiangong raChaoyang North Pagoda muLiaoning Province, rine kureba kwemasendimita gumi nematanhatu uye chimiro chakafanana neshiri yakakotama ine dhayamita redumbu rakakura remasendimita masere nehafu. Mutsipa webhodhoro wakashongedzwa newaya yegirazi rebhuruu, uye chipanera chemubato chakagadzirwawo negirazi rebhuruu. Muromo webhodhoro waive nekavha yebhodhoro yegoridhe yaamai nemwana, uye paivewo nekapu kadiki kegirazi rebhuruu mukati mebhodhoro. Bhodhoro iri regirazi rine chimiro chakasiyana uye rusvingo rwegirazi rwakatetepa uye rwakareruka. Igirazi reIslam rakagadzirwa nenzira yekuputira. Semudziyo wechibayiro, chinhu ichi chinokosha chakatenderedzwa kuita pagoda yeBuddhist panguva yekutonga kwaMambo Chongxi weLiao Dynasty.

Bhodhoro regirazi reLiao Dynasty rakafukunurwa kubva kuChaoyang North Tower muLiaoning Province

Nheyo yeshongwe yeTemberi yeJingzhi muDing County, Hebei Province yakavakwazve mugore rechipiri raTaiping Xingguo muNorthern Song Dynasty (977 AD). Zvisaririra zvakafukunurwa zvinosanganisira zvisaririra zvakasiyana-siyana zvakaunganidzwa uye zvakapihwa sezvisaririra kubvira mugore rechipiri raXing'an muNorthern Wei Dynasty (453 AD), kusvika mugore rechipiri raDaye muSui Dynasty (606 AD), gore regumi nemaviri raDazhong muTang Dynasty (858 AD), uye gore rechipiri raTaiping Xingguo muSong Dynasty (977 AD). Pakati pazvo, pane midziyo yegirazi makumi matatu nenomwe. Nheyo yeJingzhongyuan Tower yakavakwa mugore rekutanga rekutonga kwaZhidao kweNorthern Song Dynasty (995 AD), uye kune midziyo yegirazi makumi matatu nemana mukati mebhokisi rematombo reimba yepasi pevhu. Zvisaririra izvi zvegirazi ndizvo zvakawanikwa zvakanyanya mukuchera matongo ekare. Girazi reChinesezvinhu.

Zvakanyorwa pagirazi pamabhii ebhuronzi eSui nematombo eTang kubva kuTemberi yeDingzhou Jingzhi

Tsamba yedombo yeSui Dynasty, tsamba yemhangura yakashongedzwa negoridhe, tsamba yedombo yakaita sechivharo, ndiro yegoridhe nesirivha yakashongedzwa negoridhe, shongwe yegoridhe nesirivha yakashongedzwa negoridhe, uye mabhodhoro maviri egirazi ane zvikamu zvegirini nechena zvakawanikwa kubva mumuzinda wepasi peJingzhi Temple Pagoda zvinoumba seti yemidziyo yakaunganidzwa, iyo inoenderana nechinyorwa chekuti "yakarongwa kumusoro nekudzika, zvikamu zvinomwe mukati nekunze" pane tsamba yemhangura yakashongedzwa negoridhe mugore rechipiri raDaye (606 AD). Mugore rechi12 raDazhong (858 AD) reTang Dynasty, zvakanyorwa nedombo "Record of the Re burial of the True Body muJingzhi Temple muDingzhou" zvakanyorwa kuti: "Kune pfuma nomwe dzakaputirwa pashongwe yesirivha mutsamba yegoridhe, mabhodhoro maviri egirazi mukati, uye mabhodhoro maviri madiki machena negirini ari kukura." Izvi zvinoratidza mabhodhoro maviri egirazi akakosha mu "zvikamu zvinomwe mukati nekunze". Kusvika nguva pfupi yadarika, yaivewo chigadzirwa cheSui Dynasty.

Makapu egirazi akatwasuka kubva kuSui Dynasty akafukunurwa kubva mumuzinda wepasi pevhu weBuddhist pagoda paDingzhou Jingzhi Temple

Pakupera kwe "Record of the True Body", zvakanyorwa kuti: "Pagoda diki yedombo iri mupagoda pakutanga yaive muTianyou Temple, ine zvisaririra zviviri nemabhodhoro mana ekuchengetera: girazi, goridhe, sirivha, uye lacquer, zvakaiswa mubhii rekare pamusoro pepagoda." Bhodhoro regirazi remukatikati ibhodhoro diki rinoonekera rakaenzana rine chivharo chelotus, rinoshandiswa semudziyo wekuchengetera marara.

Mavhasi egirazi ezvisaririra zveSui Dynasty zvakafukunurwa kubva mumuzinda wepasi pevhu wepagoda yeBuddhist yeTemple yeJingzhi

Rimwe bhodhoro regirazi rinogonawo kuva chigadzirwa cheSui Dynasty. Bhodhoro iri rakachena sebhuruu, rinoonekera zvishoma, rine muromo wakanaka uye dumbu rakazvimba. Rakareba masendimita mapfumbamwe, dhayamita remasendimita mashanu nehafu, uye dhayamita redumbu remasendimita masere. Putira girazi rakatenderedza fudzi wotenderedza tsoka.

Poppy yegirazi kubva kuSui Dynasty yakafukunurwa kubva muimba yepasi pevhu yeJingzhi Temple Buddhist Pagoda

Xiao Liang naShen Yue veSouthern Dynasty vakanyora kuti "Masisita echiBuddha muBuddhist Temple muSouthern Qi Dynasty vari kufamba nenzira yakajeka uye yakanaka": "Uchibva mugore, unogona kuona Maitreya nemaBodhisattva ese. Ese ndeendarama, uye kune poppy yegirazi yakajeka mumaoko avo..." Poppy yegirazi iri mumaoko eBodhisattva ipfuma, nepo opium poppy ibhodhoro rine dumbu guru nemuromo mudiki, inova chimiro chechiChinese chetsika. Zvinhu zvakabatwa neBodhisattva mumifananidzo iri muCave 225 yeMogao Grottoes yeDunhuang zvakafanana muchimiro nemabhodhoro egirazi eSui Dynasty akafukunurwa muimba yepasi pevhu yeJingzhi Temple, kureva, poppy yegirazi yakajeka sepfuma.

Magirazi epoppy akachengetwa nemadziro ebodhisattvas muBako 225 reMogao Grottoes yeDunhuang

Kunewo Girazi reBhodhoro, girini inoonekera zvishoma, ine pasi rakakombama, ukobvu hwemadziro husingasviki masendimita 0.15, kureba kwemasendimita mapfumbamwe, uye dhayamita yemasendimita gumi nemashanu. Ndiro yegirazi yakaita selotus inobatwa neBodhisattva muCave 328 yeMogao Caves yakafanana muchimiro.

Ndiro yegirazi yeLotus yakabatwa naBodhisattva muBako 328 reMogao Grottoes

MuDzinza reRwiyo, bhodhoro regirazi raiva nemvura yerose, inozivikanwawo seperfume, raive mudziyo wakakosha wezvisaririra zvechiBuddha. Mabhodhoro matatu egirazi matete ari pamusoro apa akafukunurwa kubva mumuzinda wepasi pevhu pasi peshongwe yeJingzhi Academy ese aive midziyo yegirazi yekuchengetera perfume.

Bhodhoro regirazi rakavezwa neSong Dynasty rakafukunurwa kubva mumuzinda wepasi pevhu wepagoda yeBuddhist yeJingzhi Temple

Mabhodhoro egirazi egourd nemabhodhoro madiki ane mitsipa akafukunurwa kubva panheyo dzedzimba mbiri dzepasi pevhu, ane mavara akasiyana-siyana anosanganisira bhuruu rinoonekera, girini rinoonekera, yero brown rinoonekera, brown rinoonekera, uye brown risingaonekwe. Mabhodhoro aya egirazi ese aive zvigadzirwa zveSound Dynasty, zvichiratidza kuti indasitiri yekugadzira magirazi emuno muSound Dynasty yakanga yakura zvakanyanya zvichienzaniswa neSui neTang Dynasties, uye yaigona kugadzira zvigadzirwa zvegirazi zvemavara akasiyana uye zvinoonekera.
Vhasi regirazi remupunga kubva kuSound Dynasty rakafukunurwa kubva muimba yepasi pevhu yeJingzhi Temple Buddhist Pagoda

Pamusoro pemabhora egirazi akakosha mumidziyo yechiBuddha panguva yemadzimambo eTang neSong, mimwe michero nezvimwe zvigadzirwa zvakagadzirwa negirazi zvakashandiswawo sekuremekedza Buddha. Hunhu hwakajeka hwegirazi uye zvinoreva zvaienderanawo nedzidziso. Kune "michero" yegirazi yakaita sedenderedzwa mitanhatu yakacherwa kubva kustupa muLintong, Shaanxi, iyo inonzi "michero yeSutuohan" mumashoko echiBuddha. Yaichengetwa mustupa painocherwa; Mazai egirazi, ndiro dzegirazi, nezvimwewo zvinowanzowanikwa mumakuva ekare sezvinhu zvekuviga kana zvipiriso.

Ndiro yegirazi yebhuruu ine mapatani akavezwa akavanzwa muimba yepasi pevhu yeFamen Temple

Magirazi matanhatu ebhuruu ane mapatani akavezwa akafukunurwa kubva muimba yepasi pevhu yeFamen Temple, ese akachengetedzwa zvakanaka uye ane mapatani akanaka kwazvo. Mapatani akavezwa akagadzirwa pamusoro pegirazi uchishandisa chishandiso chakaoma uye chakapfava kupfuura girazi mushure mekunge ragadzirwa, chiri tekinoroji yekugadzira magirazi inotonhora.

Chidimbu chebhuruu chine mapatani egoridhe chemashizha emumaple, chine dhayamita ye15.9, kureba kwe2.1, kudzika kwe1.8 cm, huremu hwe132 magiramu. Muromo wakatwasuka une miromo yakapinza, dumbu risina kudzika rine pasi rakati sandara, uye pakati pakatetepa zvishoma. Bhuruu rakadzika, rinoonekera. Pakati pedhishi pakashongedzwa nemapatani emashizha emumaple negoridhe, nepo jira rekunze rakashongedzwa nemafungu emvura nemitsetse yakatambanudzwa, uye rakakamurwa nemadenderedzwa akakombama.

Famen Temple pasi pevhu reimba yeumambo maple pattern yakapendwa negoridhe bhuruu girazi plate

Iri ndiro regirazi rakaputirwa negoridhe rakavakirwa pahunyanzvi hwekuveza girazi, richisimbisa mapatani makuru negoridhe kuti ndiro regirazi rakanaka riwedzere kupenya. Sekureva kwezvinyorwa zveimba yeumambo yepasi pevhu, mahwendefa aya egirazi akavezwa aive zvipo zveMambo Xizong weDzinza raTang uye akaiswa mumuzinda weTibet pasi pevhu muna Ndira wegore rechi15 raXiantong (874 AD).

Midziyo yegirazi inosvika makumi maviri yakafukunurwa kubva muimba yepasi pevhu yeFamen Temple, pakati payo seti imwe chete yemakapu maviri egirazi etii nezvigadziko zvetii zvinogona kunge zviri midziyo yegirazi yemumba.

Imba yeumambo yepasi pevhu yeFamen Temple ine makapu egirazi etii nematireyi etii

Kapu yegirazi yetii ndeyero yakapfava, ine ruvara rwegirini zvishoma, yakajeka, dhayamita ye12.7, kureba kwe5.2, kudzika kwedumbu kwemasendimita mana, uye inorema magiramu 117; Ruvara rwetireyi yegirazi yetii rwakafanana nerwendiro yetii. Rutsigiro rwakadzama rwakati sandara, nedhayamita yedhisiki ye13.7, dhayamita yetsoka ye4.5, uye kureba kwese kwemasendimita 3.8, huremu hwemagiramu 138, ese ari maviri anoumbwa nekuvhuvhuta kusina mold.

Kapu yegirazi yetii netireyi yetii zvakakamurwa

Mashoko akanyorwa pa "Clothing Tent" akafukunurwa kubva mumuzinda wepasi pevhu anotaura nezvezvigadziko zvemagirazi izvi se "ndiro mbiri dzegirazi dzetii dzaTuozi", izvo zvaivewo chiratidzo kubva kuna Mambo Xizong weDzinza raTang.

Munguva yehumambo hweSong neLiao, indasitiri yekugadzira magirazi haina kudzorwa nedare rehumambo, uye mashopu ekugadzira magirazi ega ega akanga agadzirwawo. Zvigadzirwa zvegirazi zvemhando yepamusoro zvakanga zvave zvakajairika, asi midziyo yegirazi inopinzwa kunze kwenyika ine mabasa akaomarara uye maumbirwo akanaka yakanga ichiri kukosheswa zvikuru nenyika. Zvimwe zvinhu zvaiwanzoshandiswa sezvipo uye zvaiunganidzwa mudzimba dzeumambo dzepasi pevhu.

Muzinda waMambokadzi Chen weInner Mongolia une kapu yegirazi

Mugore rechinomwe raLiao Kaitai muNaiman Banner, Inner Mongolia (1018 AD), magirazi manomwe akafukunurwa kubva muguva raPrincess Chen nemurume wake. Imwe yekapu dzegirazi dzakazara dzine mubato wakareba masendimita 11.4, ine dhayamita ye9 uye dhayamita yepasi ye5.4 masendimita. Yakasviba uye inoonekera, ine jira rakachenuruka pamusoro. Muromo wakavharwa zvishoma, dhayamita yacho yakaita sedenderedzwa, mapendekete akafutunuka, dumbu rakadzokera shure zvakanyanya, uye tsoka dzefalse ring dzakabatana nemubato wakatetepa wakatenderera pamuromo nemapendekete. Kune chipanera chakaita sekeke rakatenderera pamusoro pemubato, icho chingangove chinwiwa chegirazi chakagadzirwa muzana remakore rechi10 padunhu reIran.

Bhodhoro regirazi rine mapatani ezvipikiri zvemukaka paguva raMambokadzi Chen weLiao Dynasty

Kunewo bhodhoro regirazi rakagadziriswazve rine mapatani emazamu, akareba masendimita gumi nemanomwe, ane caliber ye6, dhayamita yedumbu re9.5, uye dhayamita yepasi ye8.7 cm. Harina ruvara uye rinoonekera, rine mutsipa murefu uye dumbu rakaita sefunnel, rakafutunuka. Rine tsoka refu yakaita sehwamanda uye rakashongedzwa nemitsara mishanu yemapatani emazamu madiki pamadziro edumbu. Chinhu chinonyanya kushamisa ndechekuti mubato webhodhoro wakagadzirwa nezvikamu gumi zvemagirazi asina chinhu, izvo zvinoda kuti mhizha dzegirazi dzinzwisise zvizere nguva yegirazi rinopisa rinoshanduka kubva pakunyorova kuenda pakuoma panguva yekutonhora, uye kuriisa zvishoma nezvishoma nehunyanzvi hwepamusoro kuti ripedze maitiro akaomarara. Iri bhodhoro regirazi rine mapatani emukaka ane mapatani ezvipikiri rinogona kunge riri chigadzirwa chegirazi chinobva kuEgypt kana kuSyria.

Pakati pemidziyo yegirazi yakafukunurwa kubva paguva raMambokadzi Chen weLiao Dynasty, pane ndiro yegirazi yakavezwa ine dhayamita ye25.5 cm, dhayamita yepasi ye10 cm, uye kureba kwe6.8 cm. Haina ruvara uye inoonekera, ine jira rakacheneruka pamusoro, muromo wakavhurika wakatenderera, mhete yedumbu yakakombama, netsoka. Madziro edumbu akashongedzwa nemapiramidhi madiki makumi maviri nemasere akakwenenzverwa nemaoko nevhiri rekukuya. Iyi ndiro yegirazi yakavezwa ine chimiro chakanaka uye hunyanzvi hwakanaka. Inogona kunge iri chigadzirwa cheByzantine Empire muzana remakore rechi10 nerechi11, uye ipfuma yegirazi yakasiyana munyika ichiripo!

Ndiro yegirazi yakavezwa kubva paguva raMambokadzi Chen weLiao Dynasty

Magirazi ari muguva raMambokadzi Chen weLiao Dynasty anobva muByzantine Empire nenyika yeIslam, zvichiratidza kuti kutaurirana pakati paLiao neWestern kuri kure nekufungidzira kwevanhuwo zvavo.

Kugara uchigara mumhepo kwenguva refu kana kuti uchichengetera zvinhu pasi pevhu kwenguva refu zvinogona kukonzera kuti zvinhu zvegirazi zvikanganise, zvichiita kuti zvirasikirwe nechimiro chazvo chakajeka. Saka, girazi rekare rinoonekwa nhasi harisi iro raive pakutanga.

Kapu yegirazi yebhuruu rakareruka ine tsoka refu kubva paguva reLiao muTuerji Mountain, Inner Mongolia