Nhoroondo Yekufambira Mberi kweGirazi

1.1 Kwakatangira Girazi Renyika
Zvichienderana nezvinyorwa zvenhoroondo zvine chekuita nazvo, zvichidzokera kumashure kusvika kumakore ekuma3000 BC kusvika 2000 BC, vanhu vekuEgypt kana Mesopotamia vakanga vatogadzira tekinoroji yekugadzira magirazi yakura. Kunewo ngano yekuti makore anopfuura 3000 apfuura, vatengesi vekuFenikiya vakawana makristaro akagadzirwa nemakemikari anokonzerwa ne "natural soda" (vamwe vanoti saltpeter) nejecha requartz pamhenderekedzo yegungwa pasi pemoto, inova ndiyo mhando yekutanga yegirazi. VaFenikiya havana kurasikirwa nemikana yekutengeserana. Vakashandisa maitiro aya emakemikari kugadzira jecha rakawanda, matombo, soda ash, uye magirazi akasanganiswa, ayo aitengeswa kwese kwese. Kunyange zvazvo vachiwana purofiti yakawanda, vakasimudzirawo mukurumbira wekutanga wegirazi pasi rose, vachibvumira nyika zhinji dzaive nehukama hwekutengeserana nevaFenikiya kuti dzione girazi rakanaka kekutanga.
Magirazi eFiennes neFerret evaFenikiya anoonekwa sematangi ekugadzira magirazi. Kugadzirwa kwemagirazi ekutanga kwakapfuura nenguva ina huru: nguva yebudiriro yekare (kubvira muna 3500 BC kusvika 1000 BC), nguva yebudiriro yekare (kubvira muna 100 BC kusvika 500 AD), nguva yebudiriro yepakati nepakati (kubvira muna 500 AD kusvika 1500 AD), uye nguva yeRenaissance nenguva yezana remakore rechi17 kusvika rechi19 (kubvira muna 1500 AD kusvika 1890 AD). Mushure mezvo, mamiriro ezvinhu emagariro evanhu akaumbwa zvishoma nezvishoma, magirazi ehunyanzvi, magirazi ehunyanzvi, magirazi ekushongedza, uye magirazi ekuvaka achitonga.
2. Kushandiswa kweGirazi

2.1 Kushandiswa kweGirazi muNhoroondo
Girazi rakatanga kushandiswa pazvinhu zvinodiwa zuva nezuva zvakaita se Makapu egirazi, mabhodhoro, nemaplate. VaMesopotamia vaigadzira mativi evhu, ayo aiputirwa neribhoni dzegirazi dzakanyungudutswa uye aiiswa pamusoro kuti agadzire midziyo yegirazi. Midziyo yegirazi yakagadzirwa nenzira iyi inowanzova nechimiro chebhodhoro uye inoshandiswa semidziyo yemvura kana chikafu.
Girazi rekutanga raionekwa serine ruvara rumwe chete, girini, izvo zvaiganhurira mashandisirwo aro. Vanhu havana kuzowana kuti chikonzero nei girazi richiratidza ruvara rwegirini ndechekuti zvinhu zvinoshandiswa kugadzira girazi zvine iron shoma, uye makemikari esimbi yedivalent anoita kuti girazi riite segirini. Mushure mekuwedzera manganese dioxide, pakava nekuchinja kweruvara. Kuchinja kweruvara uku kwakakosha uye kwakanaka kwakaendesa kushandiswa kwegirazi padanho rinotevera - zvigadzirwa zvegirazi zvine mavara akasiyana-siyana zvakabuda. Kunyanya mushure mekunge maItaly vanyatsogona tekinoroji yekugadzira magirazi epamusoro, girazi rine mavara rakashandiswa zvakanyanya mugirazi rekushongedza remachechi, kunyanya mukuvaka machechi eGothic style. Machechi eGothic anowanzo ratidza chivakwa chakapinza uye chakakwirira chinoita sechinobhururuka kumusoro, izvo zvinoita kuti hwindo refu reFrance rive nhanho yegirazi rakapendwa. Zuva rinopenya nepamahwindo ane mavara kupinda muchechi tsvene, zvichiita kuti mamiriro echechi ave akapfava uye matsvene.
Mushure mezvo, girazi rakashandiswa zvakanyanya muindasitiri yekuvaka. Muna 1833, chivako chekutanga pasi rose chakavakwa nesimbi negirazi, Garden des Plantes greenhouse, chakaburitswa pachena. Kusiyana nekurema kwezvivakwa zvematombo, zvivakwa zvegirazi zvinogona kuunza kunzwa kwakajeka uye kwakachena, uko kwave kuchirumbidzwa nevanhu kwenguva yakati. Muenzaniso wakajeka zvikuru inzvimbo yeLondon World's Fair (inozivikanwawo se "Crystal Palace") yakavakwa pasi pehutungamiriri hwaPaxton muna 1851, iyo inogona kunzi temberi yegirazi.

2.2 Girazi remazuva ano Mashandisirwo
Munguva dzazvino, kushandiswa kwegirazi kwava kupararira zvakanyanya. Girazi reGirazi zvinongoiswa muzvikamu zvegirazi rakatsetseka negirazi rakakosha. Girazi rakatsetseka rakakamurwa kuita mhando nhatu: girazi rakatsetseka rine migero kana risina migero, girazi rakatsetseka rine nzira yekudhonza yakatsetseka, uye girazi rinoyangarara. Mhando idzi dzegirazi dzinoshandiswa muindasitiri yekuvaka nekushongedza, indasitiri yemotokari, indasitiri yehunyanzvi, uye kunyangwe muchiuto. Zvichienderana nekugadzirwa kwadzo, girazi rinogona kukamurwa kuita girazi requartz, girazi rine silica yakawanda, girazi rine lead silicate, girazi resodium calcium, girazi realuminium silicate, girazi reborosilicate, girazi repotassium, nezvimwewo. Mhando dzakasiyana dzegirazi dzine mashandisirwo adzo, akadai segirazi resoda lime, iro rinogona kushandiswa mukugadzira girazi rakatsetseka, magirazi, uye mababu emwenje; Girazi rine lead silicate rinoshandiswa sechitubu chevacuum nekuda kwekunyorova kwaro kwesimbi, uye rinoshandiswawo kudzivirira mwaranzi nekuti lead inogona kuvhara zvinhu zvine radioactive; Girazi reBorosilicate ndiro sarudzo inofarirwa yegirazi rezvishandiso zvemakemikari nekuda kwesimba rayo guru uye kuramba kwayo ngura.

3. Remangwana regirazi
3.1 Tarisiro yeramangwana yegirazi reunyanzvi negirazi rekushongedza
Imwe nzvimbo huru inoshandiswa mukushandisa magirazi emazuva ano igirazi reunyanzvi negirazi rekushongedza. Girazi rasununguka kubva muzvisungo zvekutanga zvekushandisa uye rakatanga kuvandudzwa. Mushure mekunge mastudio egirazi amera sehowa mushure mekunaya kwemvura, zvigadzirwa zvegirazi zvakawanda zvakanaka zvakatanga kubuda, zvinosanganisira zvibatiso zvemakenduru egirazi, zvishongo zvegirazi, zvifananidzo zvegirazi, uye kunyange zvifananidzo zvikuru zvegirazi zvine mavara. Zvinhu zvinoshandiswa mugirazi reunyanzvi zvinotangira pamotokari, zvivakwa, nezvifananidzo zvemuchivanze kusvika kumadial madiki ewachi, mafuremu egirazi, uye nharembozha. Girazi rinogonawo kushandiswa sedombo rerubhini kutsiva madhaimani anodhura. "Madhaimani" anoonekwa pazvishongedzo zvidiki nhasi kazhinji matombo erubhini ane mavara akasiyana-siyana akagadzirwa negirazi.
Mazano angu ekuvandudza girazi reunyanzvi mune ramangwana ndeaya anotevera:
1. Magirazi ehunyanzvi negirazi rekushongedza zvinofanira kukoshesa kufemerwa nehunyanzvi, kutevedzera magadzirirwo akasiyana ekugadzira, uye kuunza vanhu mutambo unooneka.
2. Gadzirisa chimiro chegirazi reunyanzvi, deredza mari yekuwedzera kugadzirwa kwegirazi reunyanzvi.
3. Kugadzira mitemo yeindasitiri kuti ive nechokwadi chekuti magadzirirwo nekugadzirwa kwemagirazi ehunyanzvi kwakanyatsorongeka, uye kudzivirira zvinhu zvakaita sekusvibiswa kwezvinhu zvisina kugadzirwa.
4. Kubatanidza tekinoroji yepamusoro mukugadzirwa kwemagirazi ehunyanzvi nemagirazi ekushongedza kunosimudzira tekinoroji yekugadzira magirazi padanho idzva uye zvinosimudzira zviri nani budiriro yeindasitiri.
Mashandiro akawanda uye musanganiswa wegirazi reunyanzvi negirazi rekushongedza zvinodiwa kuti zvienderane nemafambiro enguva iyoyo. Semuenzaniso, magirazi ekushongedza akagadzirwa nekubatanidza masora ezuva nemadziro emaketeni egirazi ane mavara haangoshandisi simba rezuva chete asiwo anoshanda semadziro asingatakuri mutoro uye sezvinangwa zvekushongedza, achiuraya shiri mbiri nedombo rimwe chete.

3.2 Girazi Rakakosha
Girazi rakakosha rinoshandiswa zvakanyanya muminda yakaita semidziyo, zvechiuto, zvekurapa, zvemagetsi, zvemakemikari, uye zvekuvaka, rimwe nerimwe riine hunhu hwaro. Segirazi rakanyoroveswa (rine simba rakawanda, harisi nyore kupwanya, kunyangwe rakatyoka, harizoumbe zvidimbu zvakapinza zvinokuvadza muviri wemunhu), girazi rakaiswa mavara (risingaonekwe, rinowanzo shandiswa munzvimbo dzinoda kugadziriswa kusina kuoneka, senge zvimbuzi), girazi rakaiswa laminated (rinowanzo shandiswa muindasitiri yekuvaka, harisi nyore kupwanya kana rabatwa), girazi rakadzivirirwa (ruzha rwakanaka rwekudzivirira ruzha), girazi rinodzivirira mabara (girazi rakasimba, rinogona kuvharira mabara nekukurumidza uye kuve nechokwadi chekuchengetedzwa), nezvimwewo.

Girazi rakakosha reborosilicate rakakwirira
Pamusoro pezvo, mhando dzakasiyana-siyana dzegirazi dzakagadzirwa nekubatanidza zvinhu zvakasiyana-siyana zvemakemikari dzine mikana yakawanda yekushandisa. Kusanganisira girazi resilica rakakwirira, girazi resilica remutobvu, girazi recalcium resodium, girazi realuminium silicate, girazi reborosilicate, girazi repotassium, nezvimwewo zvambotaurwa, girazi resimbi rakagadzirwa nesimbi imhando itsva yegirazi riri kukwezva vanhu pari zvino. Girazi resimbi rakagadzirwa nesimbi isimbi inyaya isina chimiro inoumbwa nezvinhu zvesimbi, isina zvikanganiso zvekristaro zvakaita semapurani, nzvimbo, uye mapoinzi. Iine hunhu hwakanaka hwakadai sekusimba kwakanyanya, simba rakawanda, kuramba ngura, kuramba kukanganiswa, uye kuramba kutonhora nekupisa, uye ine mikana yakawanda yekushandisa mumunda wekugadzirwa kwemafuta negasi.